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Upholstery Fabric
| Upholstery fabric for Passenger rail vehicles comes in two major types,
Vinyl Coated and Woven Fabric.
In general, the vinyl coated fabrics are easier to clean and keep dry, but
more susceptible to vandalism such as marking/graffiti or slashing. Woven
fabrics are generally more comfortable, and quite durable, but are prone
to staining and difficult to keep dry in wet areas or when drinks are spilled
on them. |
Vinyl Coated Fabric
| Vinyl upholstery fabrics are defined and standardized by the Chemical Coated
Fabrics and Film Association which are based upon a combination of ASTM
and Federal standards with either modified criteria or test procedures.
These standards have been based upon the distinct requirements of polymer
coated fabric products.
Notes: Vinyl upholstery fabric for vehicle seats shall be approved transportation-grade
fabric with woven backing. Fabric shall be able to be cleaned by at least
three widely available commercial industrial cleaning agents that are
known to be chemically compatible with the upholstery material. |
| Standard: |
CFFA - 700 Dimensions of Coated Fabric
| | Purpose: |
To determine the dimensions of a chemical coated fabric. Reference: ASTM D751-98 - Test Methods for Coated Fabrics.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired weight, thickness - (see table below) Note: this should be specified to
be uniform over the entire production run of fabric.
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| Usage: |
CFFA-700, (XX) oz./yd. @ (XX" specified width)(Method D), (XX)
mils thickness (Method C)
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| Standard: |
CFFA-17 Tensile Strength And Elongation
| | Purpose: |
To determine the pulling force required to rupture chemical coated fabrics. Grab Method. Reference: ASTM D751-98 - Test Methods for Coated
Fabrics
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired tensile strength in both long and cross directions - (see table below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-17, Tensile Strength, (XX) lbs. (long direction),
(XX) lbs. (cross direction)
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| Standard: |
CFFA-16 Tearing Strength
| | Purpose: |
To determine the resistance to further tearing after the material
has been cut. Trapezoid Method (C). Reference ASTM D1424-96 - Tearing
Strength, Pendulum Impulse Method
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired tearing strength in both long and
cross directions - (see table below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-16 C, Tearing Strength, (XX) lbs. (Long direction),
(XX) lbs. (Cross direction)
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| Standard: |
CFFA-3 Adhesion Of Coating To
Fabric
| | Purpose: |
To determine the force or pull necessary to separate chemical
coating from its fabric backing. Reference: ASTM D751-98 - Test Methods
for Coated Fabrics
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired bond strength - (see table
below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-3, (XX) lbf./in.
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| Standard: |
CFFA-15 Stretch And Set
| | Purpose: |
To determine the stretch resistance and recovery of chemical coated
fabrics. Reference: Society of Automotive Engineers Method J-855 (January,
1994)
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| Criteria: |
CFFA-15, Stretch, desired stretch % (long direction),
desired stretch % (cross direction)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-15, Stretch, (XX) % (long direction), (XX) % (cross direction)
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| Standard: |
CFFA-1 Abrasion Resistance
| | Purpose: |
To determine the abrasion resistance of chemical coated fabrics
under service conditions, Wyzenbeek Method. Reference: ASTM D4157-92
- Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired rub criteria, rub count, rub abrader
- (see table below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-1, No wear through skin @ (XX) double rubs with (XX) abrader
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| Standard: |
CFFA-7 Crocking Resistance
| | Purpose: |
To determine the resistance to transfer of color from chemical
coating to another surface by rubbing action. Reference: Federal Standard
No. 191A - Method 5651-68 - Colorfastness to Crocking
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired minimum criteria, wet and/or dry
- (see table below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-7, Good-minimum, dry
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| Standard: |
CFFA-4 Blocking
| | Purpose: |
To determine the development of surface tack at an elevated temperature.
Reference: Federal Standard No. 191A - Method 5872
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired maximum scale rating - (see table
below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-4, Scale Rating No.(XX) Maximum (note: 1 = no blocking, 4 = blocking)
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| Standard: |
CFFA-6 Cold Crack Resistance
| | Purpose: |
To determine the temperature at which cracks may appear if chemical
coated fabrics are left in the cold and then folded sharply. Roller
Method. Reference: Federal Standard No. 191A - Method 5874 - Low Temperature
Effect of Coated Cloth
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, temperature, desired performance, roller
weight - (see table below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-6, -(XX)°F, No cracking, 5# roller
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| Standard: |
CFFA-2 Accelerated Light Aging
| | Purpose: |
This test method specifies the operating procedures for a controlled
irradiance, used for the accelerated exposure of various automotive
interior trim components.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, desired criteria - (see table below)
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| Usage: |
CFFA-2, tests a1, b1, c1, (criteria)
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Vinyl Coated Fabric Typical Values
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Physical
Property |
Requirement |
Test
Method |
| Total Weight |
33.0 oz./yd @ 54"wide
(linear yard) |
CFFA-700 D |
| Thickness |
45 mils |
CFFA-700 C |
| Tensile Strength |
65 lbs. (Long direction)
60 lbs. (Cross direction) |
CFFA-17 |
| Tearing Strength (Trapezoid) |
14 lbs. (Long direction)
12 lbs. (Cross direction) |
CFFA-16 C |
| Coating Fabric Bond |
3 lbs./In. |
CFFA-3 A |
| Stretch |
5% (long direction)
25% (cross direction) |
CFFA-15 |
| Abrasion Resistance |
a) No wear through skin @ 500 double rubs with 240-grit silicon-carbon
cloth and
b) No wear through skin @ 250,000
double rubs with #8 cotton duck |
CFFA-1 A Wyzenbeek |
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Crocking |
Good-Minimum |
CFFA-7, dry |
| Blocking |
Scale Rating No.3 Maximum |
CFFA-4 |
| Cold Resistance |
-20°F, No cracking |
CFFA-6 A, 5# roller |
| Accelerated Weathering Resistance Test |
No fading, discoloration, crazing, or stiffness after 225.6 kJ
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CFFA-2,
a1, (SAE-J1885 )
b1, (ASTM G26 Method A)
c1, (ASTM D4329) |
Woven Fabrics
| Coated Fabrics - many woven, transportation grade, fabrics are "back-coated"
with a polymer based material to improve durability. The textile industry
recognizes this as a "coated fabric". This configuration of fabric will
produce higher smoke values when tested to ASTM E662 than a simple uncoated
fabric. Typical specification language "Woven upholstery fabrics for vehicle
seats shall be approved transportation-grade fabrics with backing."
Plush Fabrics - plush fabrics differ from flat woven fabrics in that
the yarn protrudes vertically from the woven backing and is then trimmed
similar to a cut-pile carpeting. These fabrics are generally very comfortable,
and reasonably durable in transit applications. Due to the higher surface
area of the plush pile, this type of fabric will produce higher smoke
values when tested to ASTM E662 than a simple flat woven fabric.
Typical Composition - Fiber shall be worsted spun. Fiber content shall
be 90 percent wool and 10 percent nylon. Fabric weight exclusive of backing
shall be not less than 12.2~12.5 oz/yd2 [~0.41 kg/m2].
Maximum fabric shrinkage shall be 2 percent.
Fabric shall be able to be cleaned by at least three widely available
commercial industrial cleaning agents that are known to be chemically
compatible.
Many properties are quoted for both of the yarn directions; warp, the
yarn running lengthwise in a woven fabric, and fill (filling), yarn running
from selvage(edge) to selvage at right angles to the warp in a woven fabric.
Please see table for typical values. |
| Standard: |
ASTM D1683 - Test Method for
Failure in Sewn Seam of Woven Fabrics
| | Purpose: |
This test method covers the measurement of the maximum sewn seam
strength which can be achieved in woven fabrics when a force is applied
perpendicular to the seam. Although this standard has been withdrawn,
it is still used in industry at this time.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard, Minimum force
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| Usage: |
ASTM D 1683, XX lbs. (Please see table for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D2262 - Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Woven Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Method
(Constant-Rate-of-Traverse Tensile Testing Machine)
| | Purpose: |
This standard has been withdrawn by the ASTM, but is still in
common use
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard, minimum force in both warp and fill directions
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| Usage: |
ASTM D2262, XXlbs warp, XXlbs fill. (Please see table for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D3597 - Standard Specification
for Woven Upholstery Fabrics-Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
| | Purpose: |
This specification covers the performance requirements for plain,
tufted, or flocked woven upholstery fabrics as used in the manufacture
of new indoor furniture. These requirements apply to both the warp
and filling directions for those factors where each fabric direction
is pertinent.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, test to be performed, (Please see table
for typical values.)
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| Usage: |
ASTM D 3597, Colorfastness to Light (AATCC Method 16.)
ASTM D 3597, Crocking (AATCC Method 16, option E.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D3884 - Standard Guide
for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head
Method)
| | Purpose: |
This guide covers the determination of the abrasion resistance
of textile fabrics using the rotary platform, double-head tester (RPDH).
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, Taber weight, wheel type, minimum number
of cycles to pass.
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| Usage: |
ASTM D 3884, Taber 500g, CS 10 Wheel, XX Cycles. (Please see table
for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D4034 - Standard Test
Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Woven Upholstery
Fabrics
| | Purpose: |
This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to slippage
of warp yarns or filling yarns in woven upholstery fabrics, when testing
for yarn slippage at the seam. This standard has been withdrawn by
the ASTM, but is still in common use
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard, minimum slippage in both warp and fill directions
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| Usage: |
ASTM D2262, XXlbs warp, XXlbs fill. (Please see table for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D5034 - Standard Test
Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab
Test)
| | Purpose: |
This test method covers the grab and modified grab test procedures
for determining the breaking strength and elongation of most textile
fabrics. Provisions are made for wet testing.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard, minimum tensile strength in both warp and fill
directions
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| Usage: |
ASTM D5034, XXlbs warp, XXlbs fill. (Please see table for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D3776 - Standard Test
Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
| | Purpose: |
This test method covers the measurement of fabric mass per unit
area (weight) and is applicable to most fabrics.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, Option, desired weight
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| Usage: |
ASTM D3776, Option B, 12.5 oz/sq. yd. (Please see table
for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D3512 - Standard Test
Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
| | Purpose: |
This test method covers the resistance to the formation of pills
and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the random
tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all
types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, comparison level, pass
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| Usage: |
ASTM D3512, level 4 - slight pilling, pass. (Please see table
for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D3775 - Standard Test
Method for Fabric Count of Woven Fabric
| | Purpose: |
This test method covers the measurement of fabric count and is
applicable to all types of woven fabrics. (The number of warp yarns
(ends) per unit distance and filling yarns (picks) per unit distance.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, picks per unit distance (Picks per inch)
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| Usage: |
ASTM D3775, 43 PPI. (Please see table for typical values.)
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| Standard: |
ASTM D2724 - Standard Test
Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
| | Purpose: |
These test methods cover procedures for characterizing the delamination,
strength of bond, appearance, and shrinkage propensity of bonded,
fused, and laminated apparel fabrics after dry-cleaning and laundering.
This standard is used for a variety of testing, including the dry-cleaning
portion of the procedure used for flammability tests.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, criteria (general)
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| Usage: |
ASTM D2724, criteria
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| Standard: |
AATCC 99-2000 - Dimensional
Change of Woven or Knitted Textiles: Relaxation, Consolidation and
Felting
| | Purpose: |
This method is an accelerated test for determination of relaxation,
consolidation and felting shrinkage of woven and knitted textiles
containing 50% or more wool.
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| Criteria: |
Specify standard name, maximum shrinkage percentage
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| Usage: |
AATCC 99-2000, XX% maximum shrinkage
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Woven Fabric Typical Values
| Physical
Property |
Test Method
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Requirement
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| Weight |
ASTM D 3776, Option B |
12.5 oz/sq. yard |
| Fabric Construction |
ASTM D3775 |
43 PPI |
| Tensile Strength |
ASTM D 5034 |
100 lbs. Warp
100 lbs. Fill |
| Tearing Strength (Tongue)
|
ASTM D 2262,
B3, Sec 7.2 |
Warp
- 20 lbs
Fill - 15 lbs. |
| Abrasion Resistance |
ASTM D 3884, Taber 500g,
CS 10 Wheel |
500 Cycles Minimum |
| Crocking |
ASTM D 3597, Sec 7.9
(AATCC Method 16, Option E) |
4.0 Dry
4.0 Wet |
| Pilling Resistance |
ASTM D 3512 |
Pass, level 4 (slight pilling)
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| Shrink Resistance |
BMS 236, Sec 8.6 Dimensional
Stability |
2% maximum |
| Light
Fastness |
ASTM
D 3597 Sec 7.10, 40 hrs |
4@40
Hours |
| Seam Strength (sewing) |
ASTM D 1683
Sec 11.1 |
50 lbs. |
| Yarn Slippage (sewing) |
ASTM D 4034 |
Warp - 50 lbs
Fill - 50 lbs. |
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